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Allah berfirman yang bermaksud: “Wahai orang yang beriman! Janganlah kamu mengambil orang yang bukan daripada kalangan kamu (seperti Yahudi, Nasrani, dan Munafiq) menjadi teman karib (yang dipercayai). Mereka tidak akan berhenti berusaha mendatangkan kesusahan kepada kamu. Mereka sukakan apa yang menyusahkan kamu. Telah pun nyata (tanda) kebencian mereka pada pertuturan mulut mereka, dan apa yang tersembunyi oleh hati mereka lebih besar lagi. Sesungguhnya Kami telah jelaskan kepada kamu ayat ayat (Kami), jika kamu memahaminya (memikirkannya).” - [Al Quran Surah Al Imran ayat 118-120]
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The Holocaust: An Introductory History
The (also called Ha-Shoah in Hebrew) refers to the period from January 30, 1933 - when became chancellor of - to May 8, 1945, when the war in Europe officially ended. During this time, in Europe were subjected to progressively harsher persecution that ultimately led to the murder of 6,000,000 (1.5 million of these being children) and the destruction of 5,000 Jewish communities. These deaths represented two-thirds of European Jewry and one-third of all world Jewry.
The who died were not casualties of the fighting that ravaged Europe during . Rather, they were the victims of Germany's deliberate and systematic attempt to annihilate the entire Jewish population of Europe, a plan called the (Endlosung).
Background
After its defeat in World War I, was humiliated by the Versailles Treaty, which reduced its prewar territory, drastically reduced its armed forces, demanded the recognition of its guilt for the war, and stipulated it pay reparations to the allied powers. With the German Empire destroyed, a new parliamentary government called the Weimar Republic was formed. The republic suffered from economic instability, which grew worse during the worldwide depression after the stock market crash in 1929. Massive inflation followed by very high unemployment heightened existing class and political differences and began to undermine the government.On January 30, 1933, , leader of the , was named chancellor of by President after the won a significant percentage of the vote in the elections of 1932. The Nazi Party had taken advantage of the political unrest in Germany to gain an electoral foothold. The Nazis incited clashes with the communists and conducted a vicious propaganda campaign against its political opponents - the weak Weimar government and the whom the Nazis blamed for Germany's ills.
Propaganda: “The Jews Are Our Misfortune”
A major tool of the Nazis' propaganda assault was the weekly Nazi newspaper (The Attacker). At the bottom of the front page of each issue, in bold letters, the paper proclaimed, "The are our misfortune!" Der Stürmer also regularly featured cartoons of in which they were caricatured as hooked-nosed and apelike. The influence of the newspaper was far-reaching: by 1938 about a half million copies were distributed weekly.Soon after he became chancellor, called for new elections in an effort to get full control of the Reichstag, the German parliament, for the Nazis. The Nazis used the government apparatus to terrorize the other parties. They arrested their leaders and banned their political meetings. Then, in the midst of the election campaign, on February 27, , the Reichstag building burned. A Dutchman named Marinus van der Lubbe was arrested for the crime, and he swore he had acted alone. Although many suspected the Nazis were ultimately responsible for the act, the Nazis managed to blame the Communists, thus turning more votes their way.The fire signaled the demise of German democracy. On the next day, the government, under the pretense of controlling the Communists, abolished individual rights and protections: freedom of the press, assembly, and expression were nullified, as well as the right to privacy. When the elections were held on March 5, the Nazis received nearly 44 percent of the vote, and with 8 percent offered by the Conservatives, won a majority in the government.The Nazis moved swiftly to consolidate their power into a dictatorship. On March 23, the Enabling Act was passed. It sanctioned dictatorial efforts and legally enabled him to pursue them further. The Nazis marshaled their formidable propaganda machine to silence their critics. They also developed a sophisticated police and military force.The Sturmabteilung (S.A., Storm Troopers), a grassroots organization, helped undermine the German democracy. The (Geheime Staatspolizei, Secret State Police), a force recruited from professional police officers, was given complete freedom to arrest anyone after February 28. The (SS, Protection Squad) served as personal bodyguard and eventually controlled the and the . The (S.D., Security Service of the SS) functioned as the Nazis' intelligence service, uncovering enemies and keeping them under surveillance.With this police infrastructure in place, opponents of the Nazis were terrorized, beaten, or sent to one of the the Germans built to incarcerate them. , just outside of Munich, was the first such camp built for political prisoners. Dachau's purpose changed over time and eventually became another brutal concentration camp for .By the end of was in absolute control of Germany, and his campaign against the in full swing. The Nazis claimed the corrupted pure German culture with their "foreign" and "mongrel" influence. They portrayed the as evil and cowardly, and Germans as hardworking, courageous, and honest. The , the Nazis claimed, who were heavily represented in finance, commerce, the press, literature, theater, and the arts, had weakened Germany's economy and culture. The massive government-supported propaganda machine created a racial , which was different from the longstanding anti-Semitic tradition of the Christian churches.The superior race was the "Aryans," the Germans. The word Aryan, "derived from the study of linguistics, which started in the eighteenth century and at some point determined that the Indo-Germanic (also known as Aryan) languages were superior in their structures, variety, and vocabulary to the Semitic languages that had evolved in the Near East. This judgment led to a certain conjecture about the character of the peoples who spoke these languages; the conclusion was that the 'Aryan' peoples were likewise superior to the 'Semitic' ones" (Leni Yahil, The Holocaust: The Fate of European Jewry, New York: Oxford University Press, 1990, p. 36).
The Jews Are Isolated from Society
The Nazis then combined their racial theories with the evolutionary theories of Charles Darwin to justify their treatment of the . The Germans, as the strongest and fittest, were destined to rule, while the weak and racially adulterated were doomed to extinction. began to restrict the with legislation and terror, which entailed burning books written by , removing from their professions and public schools, confiscating their businesses and property and excluding them from public events. The most infamous of the anti-Jewish legislation were the , enacted on September 15, . They formed the legal basis for the Jews' exclusion from German society and the progressively restrictive Jewish policies of the Germans.Many attempted to flee Germany, and thousands succeeded by immigrating to such countries as , Czechoslovakia, , and . It was much more difficult to get out of Europe. encountered stiff immigration quotas in most of the world's countries. Even if they obtained the necessary documents, they often had to wait months or years before leaving. Many families out of desperation sent their children first.In July , representatives of 32 countries met in the French town of to discuss the refugee and immigration problems created by the Nazis in Germany. Nothing substantial was done or decided at the Evian Conference, and it became apparent to that no one wanted the and that he would not meet resistance in instituting his Jewish policies. By the autumn of 1941, Europe was in effect sealed to most legal emigration. The were trapped.On November 9-10, , the attacks on the became violent. Hershel Grynszpan, a 17-year-old Jewish boy distraught at the deportation of his family, shot Ernst vom Rath, the third secretary in the German Embassy in Paris, who died on November 9. Nazi hooligans used this assassination as the pretext for instigating a night of destruction that is now known as (the night of broken glass). They looted and destroyed Jewish homes and businesses and burned synagogues. Many were beaten and killed; 30,000 were arrested and sent to concentration camps.
The Jews Are Confined to Ghettos
Germany invaded in September , beginning . Soon after, in , the Nazis began establishing for the . More than 10 percent of the Polish population was Jewish, numbering about three million. were forcibly deported from their homes to live in crowded ghettos, isolated from the rest of society.This concentration of the Jewish population later aided the Nazis in their deportation of the to the death camps. The ghettos lacked the necessary food, water, space, and sanitary facilities required by so many people living within their constricted boundaries. Many died of deprivation and starvation.
The “Final Solution”
In June Germany attacked the Soviet Union and began the "." Four mobile killing groups were formed called A, B, C and D. Each group contained several commando units. The gathered town by town, marched them to huge pits dug earlier, stripped them, lined them up, and shot them with automatic weapons. The dead and dying would fall into the pits to be buried in mass graves. In the infamous massacre, near , 30,000-35,000 were killed in two days. In addition to their operations in the Soviet Union, the conducted mass murder in eastern Poland, Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia. It is estimated that by the end of , the had murdered more than 1.3 million .On January 20, , several top officials of the German government met to officially coordinate the military and civilian administrative branches of the Nazi system to organize a system of mass murder of the . This meeting, called the , "marked the beinning of the full-scale, comprehensive extermination operation [of the ] and laid the foundations for its organization, which started immediately after the conference ended" (Yahil, The Holocaust, p. 318).While the Nazis murdered other national and ethnic groups, such as a number of Soviet prisoners of war, Polish intellectuals, and gypsies, only the were marked for systematic and total annihilation. were singled out for "Special Treatment" (Sonderbehandlung), which meant that Jewish men, women and children were to be methodically killed with poisonous gas. In the exacting records kept at the death camp, the cause of death of who had been gassed was indicated by "SB," the first letters of the two words that form the German term for "Special Treatment."By the spring of 1942, the Nazis had established six (death camps) in Poland: , , , Treblinka, and . All were located near railway lines so that could be easily transported daily. A vast system of camps (called Lagersystem) supported the death camps. The purpose of these camps varied: some were slave labor camps, some transit camps, others concentration camps and their subcamps, and still others the notorious death camps. Some camps combined all of these functions or a few of them. All the camps were intolerably brutal.The major concentration camps were Ravensbruck, Neuengamme, Bergen-Belsen, , Gross-Rosen, , , Flossenburg, Natzweiler-Struthof, , , Stutthof, and /.In nearly every country overrun by the Nazis, the were forced to wear badges marking them as , they were rounded up into ghettos or concentration camps and then gradually transported to the killing centers. The death camps were essentially factories for murdering . The Germans shipped thousands of to them each day. Within a few hours of their arrival, the had been stripped of their possessions and valuables, gassed to death, and their bodies burned in specially designed crematoriums. Approximately 3.5 million were murdered in these death camps.Many healthy, young strong were not killed immediately. The Germans' war effort and the required a great deal of manpower, so the Germans reserved large pools of for slave labor. These people, imprisoned in concentration and labor camps, were forced to work in German munitions and other factories, such as I.G. Farben and Krupps, and wherever the Nazis needed laborers. They were worked from dawn until dark without adequate food and shelter. Thousands perished, literally worked to death by the Germans and their collaborators.In the last months of Reich, as the German armies retreated, the Nazis began marching the prisoners still alive in the concentration camps to the territory they still controlled. The Germans forced the starving and sick to walk hundreds of miles. Most died or were shot along the way. About a quarter of a million died on the death marches.
Jewish Resistance
The Germans' overwhelming repression and the presence of many collaborators in the various local populations severely limited the ability of the to resist. Jewish did occur, however, in several forms. Staying alive, clean, and observing Jewish religious traditions constituted resistance under the dehumanizing conditions imposed by the Nazis. Other forms of resistance involved escape attempts from the ghettos and camps. Many who succeeded in escaping the ghettos lived in the forests and mountains in family camps and in fighting partisan units. Once free, though, the had to contend with local residents and partisan groups who were often openly hostile. also staged armed revolts in the of Vilna, , Bedzin-Sosnowiec, Cracow, and .The was the largest ghetto revolt. Massive deportations (or Aktions) had been held in the ghetto from July to September 1942, emptying the ghetto of the majority of imprisoned there. When the Germans entered the ghetto again in January 1943 to remove several thousand more, small unorganized groups of attacked them. After four days, the Germans withdrew from the ghetto, having deported far fewer people than they had intended. The Nazis reentered the ghetto on April 19, 1943, the eve of , to evacuate the remaining and close the ghetto. The , using homemade bombs and stolen or bartered weapons, resisted and withstood the Germans for 27 days. They fought from bunkers and sewers and evaded capture until the Germans burned the ghetto building by building. By May 16 the ghetto was in ruins and the uprising crushed.also revolted in the death camps of , Treblinka and . All of these acts of were largely unsuccessful in the face of the superior German forces, but they were very important spiritually, giving the hope that one day the Nazis would be defeated.
Liberation and the End of War
The camps were gradually, as the Allies advanced on the German army. For example, (near Lublin, Poland) was liberated by Soviet forces in July 1944, in January 1945 by the Soviets, (near Hanover, Germany) by the British in April 1945, and by the Americans in April 1945.At the end of the war, between 50,000 and 100,000 Jewish survivors were living in three zones of occupation: American, British and Soviet. Within a year, that figure grew to about 200,000. The American zone of occupation contained more than 90 percent of the Jewish . The Jewish DPs would not and could not return to their homes, which brought back such horrible memories and still held the threat of danger from anti-Semitic neighbors. Thus, they languished in DP camps until emigration could be arranged to Palestine, and later Israel, the United States, South America and other countries. The last DP camp closed in 1957 (David S. Wyman, "The United States," in David S. Wyman, ed., The World Reacts to the Holocaust, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, pp. 70710).Below are figures for the number of murdered in each country that came under German domination. They are estimates, as are all figures relating to victims. The numbers given here for Czechoslovakia, and are based on their territorial borders before the 1938 Munich agreement. The total number of six million murdered during the , which emerged from the , is also an estimate. Numbers have ranged between five and seven million killed.
COUNTRY
Jews Killed
Country
Jews Killed
Sources:Holocaust Memorial Center
6602 West Maple Road
West Bloomfield, MI 48322
Tel. (248)6610840 Fax. (248)6614204
;
6602 West Maple Road
West Bloomfield, MI 48322
Tel. (248)6610840 Fax. (248)6614204
;
Link:
http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/an-introductory-history-of-the-holocaust
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aku tahu ramai anak jati sarawak tahu..kongsi sama sama
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aku tahu ramai anak jati sarawak tahu..kongsi sama sama
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Kerajaan Sarawak awalnya didirikan seorang pangeran dari Kesultanan Brunei iaitu Pangeran Muda Tengah bin Sultan Muhammad Hasan, Sultan Brunei ke-9.
Berdirinya Kerajaan Sarawak ini bermula ketika wilayah Sarawak itu diberikan kepada Pangeran Muda Tengah oleh Abangnya yang adalah Sultan Brunei yang memerintah pada saat itu yaitu Sultan Abdul Jalilul Akbar.
Maka kemudian pada sekitar tahun 1627 M didirikanlah Kesultanan Sarawak yang merupakan Kerajaan pertama di wilayah Sarawak dengan Pangeran Muda Tengah bin Sultan Muhammad Hasan sebagai Sultan Sarawak/Raja Sarawak yang pertama dengan gelar Sultan Ibrahim Ali Omar Shah yang lebih populer dengan sebutan Sultan Tengah atau Raja Tengah dengan pusat pemerintahan disekitar Kota Kuching sekarang.
Dengan demikian berarti Sultan Tengah atau Raja Tengah inilah yang pertama kali membuka wilayah yang kemudian menjadi Kota Kuching yang sekarang
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