Khamis, 1 November 2018

Kesan kepada Tanah Melayu dengan adanya BANGKOK 1909. 8575.


Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 
Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 [1]
Bangkok Treaty
Context
  • Transfer of Tringganu, Kedah and Perlis to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
  • Britain recognized Siamese sovereignty over Patani
Signed10 March 1909
LocationBangkok
Effective9 July 1909
Signatories
Parties
LanguageEnglish
The Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 or Bangkok Treaty of 1909 was a treaty between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Irelandand the Kingdom of Siam signed on 10 March 1909, in Bangkok.[2] Ratifications were exchanged in London on 9 July 1909.[3]

Contents


Background

The Kingdom of Siam was controlled by the monarch. Siam's ability to maintain its independence from British and French colonizers is often been credited to the ruling family, the Chakkri dynasty. Although there were many previous monarchs of the Chakkri dynasty, those most responsible for maintaining Siam's independence begins with Rama I (r.1782-1809). Unlike previous rulers, Rama I was a technocratic ruler who consulted with social elites on political matters and Sangha (Buddhist monks) on religious matters. His consultations with the Siamese elites became de rigueur for his successors.[4]:94 Rama I was succeeded by Rama II (r.1809-1824). Rama II's greatest accomplishment was the establishment of a government of ministers. Near the end of his reign, in 1820, the British came on the scene seeking control of Penang. Rama II was followed by Rama III (r.1824-1851). He granted concessions to the British in exchange for their support. The same would be done later with the French.[4]:95 In 1826, in an effort to establish independence, Rama III and British officials signed the Burney Treaty. The treaty affirmed British assent that Kedah, Perlis, Terengganu, and Pataniwere Thai provinces while Penang and Province Wellesley belonged to the British and that the Siamese would permit British trade in Kelantan and Terengganu.[5] After Rama III's reign, a succession crisis brought Mongkut (r.1851-1868) to power. Under Mongkut's leadership the Bowring Treaty of 1855 was signed. It provided British subjects in Siam with extraterritoriality, meaning that Britons would have British laws applied to them rather than Siamese. Mongkut constantly made concessions to the British and French to maintain independence in Siam until, in 1868, he was succeeded by Chulalongkorn, who ruled from 1868 to 1910. Chulalongkorn was a moderniser, similar to his predecessors. He abolished slavery, centralised revenues, created a national educational system, and safeguarded Siamese independence.

Part of a series on the
History of Malaysia
The independence of Malaya and the merger proclamation of North Borneo and Sarawak to formed Malaysia.
Flag of Malaysia.svg Malaysia portal

Treaty
The Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909, signed under the leadership of Chulalongkorn, consists of eight articles;

Article 1
"The Siamese government transfers to the British government all rights of suzerainty, protection, administration and control whatsoever which they possess over the states of Kelantan, Tringganu, Kedah, Perlis, and adjacent islands. The frontiers of these territories are defined by the boundary protocol annexed hereto."

Article 2
The transfer provided for in the preceding article shall take place within thirty days after the ratification of this treaty.

Article 3
A mixed commission, composed of Siamese and British officials and officers, shall be appointed within six months after the date of ratification of this treaty and shall be charged with the delimitation of the new frontier. The work of the commission shall be commenced as soon as the season permits, and shall be carried out in accordance with the boundary protocol annexed hereto.
Subjects of his majesty the king of Siam residing within the territory described in article 1 who desire to preserve their Siamese nationality will, during the period of six months after the ratification of the present treaty, be allowed to do so if they become domiciled in the Siamese dominions. His Britannic majesty's government under take that they shall be at liberty to retain their immovable property within the territory described in article 1.
It is understood that in accordance with the usual custom where a change of suzerainty takes place, any concessions within the territories described in article 1 hereof to individuals or companies, granted by or with the approval of the Siamese government, and recognised by them as still in force on the date of the signature of the treaty, will be recognised by the government of his Britannic majesty.

Article 4
His Britannic majesty's government undertake that the government of the Federated Malay States shall assume the indebtedness to the Siamese government of the territories described in article 1.

Article 5
The jurisdiction of the Siamese International Courts, established by article 8 of the treaty of 3 September 1883, shall, under the conditions defined in the jurisdiction protocol annexed hereto, be extended to all British subjects in Siam registered at the British consulates before the date of the present treaty.
This system shall come to an end, and the jurisdiction of the International Courts shall be transferred to the ordinary Siamese courts after the promulgation and the coming into force of the Siamese codes, namely, the penal code, the civil and commercial codes, the codes of procedure, and the law for organisation of courts.
All other British subjects in Siam shall be subject to the jurisdiction of the ordinary Siamese courts under the conditions defined in the jurisdiction protocol.

Article 6
British subjects shall enjoy throughout the whole extent of Siam the rights and privileges enjoyed by the natives of the country, notably the right of property the right of residence and travel.
They and their property shall be subject to all taxes and services, but these shall not be other or higher than the taxes and services which are or maybe imposed by law on Siamese subjects. It is particularly understood that the limitation in the agreement of 20 September 1900, by which the taxation of land shall not exceed that on similar land in Lower Burmah, is hereby removed.
British subjects in Siam shall be exempt from all military service, either in the army or navy, and from all forced loans or military exactions or contributions.

Article 7
The provisions of all treaties, agreements, and conventions between Great Britain and Siam, not modified by the present treaty remain in full force.

Article 8
The present treaty shall be ratified within four months from its date.
In witness where of the respective plenipotentiaries have signed the present treaty and affixed their seals. Done at Bangkok, in duplicate, the 10th day of March, in the year 1909."[6]

Aftermath
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

This agreement has had a long-lasting impact on both Thailand and the Federation of Malaysia. The border between them was largely determined by this treaty. The dissatisfaction generated by the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 may have, in part, laid the foundations for the South Thailand insurgency in Pattani, Yala, and Narathiwat from the 1960s to the present. The agreement effectively divided the northern Malay states into two parts. The area around modern Pattani (Malay: ڤتنا (Patani)), Narathiwat (Malay: منارة (Menara)), southernmost Songkhla (Malay: سيڠڬورا (Singgora)), Satun (Malay: مقيم ستل (Mukim Setul)), and Yala (Malay: جال (Jala)) remained under Thai control, while Thailand relinquished its claims to sovereignty over Kedah (Thai: ไทรบุรี (Saiburi)), Kelantan (Thai: กลันตัน (Kalantan)), Perlis (Thai: ปะลิส (Palit)) and Terengganu (Thai: ตรังกานู (Trangkanu)) which integrated the British sphere of influence as protectorates. These four states, along with Johor, later became known as the Unfederated Malay States. Although the treaty had cultural impacts and was responsible for giving away pieces of land, it was also responsible for maintaining the independence of Siam.
Notes
  1.  Siam. Treaty with Great Britain Hamilton King. May 13, 1909.
  2. Jump up^ U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Office of the Geographer, "International Boundary Study: Malaysia - Thailand Boundary," No. 57 Archived 16 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine., 15 November 1965.
  3. Jump up^ Great Britain, Treaty Series, No. 19 (1909)
  4. ^ Jump up to:a b Owen, Norman G, ed. (2005). The Emergence of Modern Southeast Asia; A New History (Paper ed.). Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 9780824828905. Retrieved 21 October2018.
  5. Jump up^ Suwannathat-Pian, Kobuka (1986). "The 1839-41 Settlements of Kedah: The Siamese Compromise". Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 59 (1): 33–48. JSTOR 41493034.
  6. Jump up^ "Treaty between Great Britain and Siam". The American Journal of International Law. 3 (4): 297–304. 1909. doi:10.2307/2212641. JSTOR 2212641.



vte

Rattanakosin Period (1782–1932)

hide
Monarchs
Rear Palace

Individuals
Royalty
Siamese
Foreigners

Key events
Key events

Categories: 
Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers
Cookie statement Mobile view

Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Siamese_Treaty_of_1909

THE BANGKOK TREATY 1909
THE BANGKOK TREATY OF 1909 
No description by zee onetwothree on 20 August 2015

Transcript of THE BANGKOK TREATY OF 1909

THE BANGKOK TREATY OF 1909
WHY IT WAS SIGNED
TERMS
EFFECTS
OBJECTIVES:
THE SULTAN RESENTED SIAMESE RULE,ESPESIALLY IN THE MATTER OF FOREIGN RELATIONSHIP.
THE NORTHERN STATE WERE POOR AND WERE GETTING POORER.
EVEN A FINANCIAL ADVISOR(BRITISH) IN KEDAH DID NOT IMPROVE THE SITUATION.
SIAM BEGAN TO SEE CONTROLLING THE STATE GAVE SIAM NO BENEFITS.
SIAM DECIDED TO HAND OVER CONTROL TO THE BRITISH AND CONCENTRATE ON THIER OWN DEVELOPMENT.
SIAM PROPOSED THAT THE BRITAIN GAVE UP HER RIGHTS UNDER THE SECRET CONVENTION IN EXCHANCE FOR CONTROL OVER THE NORTHERN STATES AND BRITAIN WAS HAPPY ACCEPT.
THE ANGLO-SIAMESE TREATY (THE BANGKOK TREATY) WAS SIGNED ON 9 JULY 1909.
WHY IT WAS SIGN
TERMS:
EFFECT:
SIAMESE CONTROL AND INFLUENCE OVER MALAYA CEASED COMPLETELY.
A NEW POLITICAL UNIT CALLED THE 'UNFEDERATED MALAY STATE' WAS DECLARED.
ADVISORS WERE NOMINATED.
THE WHOLE MALAYA,WITH THE EXCEPTION OF JOHORE,CAME UNDER TE BRITISH.
BRITAIN TOOK FULL CONTROL OF MALAYA WHEN JOHORE ACCEPTED A RESIDENT IN 1914.
SIAM TRANSFERRED CONTOL OF THE FOUR NORTHERN MALAY STATES OF KEDAH, KELANTAN,TRENGGANU,PERLIS TO BRITAIN.
BRITAIN TOOK RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE DEBTS OF FOUR STATE.
BRITAIN ALSO AGREED TO GIVE 4 MILLION POUND LOAN AT 4% INTEREST TO SIAM TO BUILD A RAILWAY FROM BANGKOK TO THE MALAYAN BORDER.
BRITAIN AGREED TO GIVE UP ITS EXTRATERRITORIAL RIGHTS IN SIAM.
THE NEW BOUNDARY BETWEEN SIAMESE AND BRITISH TERRITORY WAS DEFINED.
THE SECRET CONVENTION WAS DECLARED NULL.
Full transcript

Transcript of THE BANGKOK TREATY OF 1909

THE BANGKOK TREATY OF 1909
WHY IT WAS SIGNED
TERMS
EFFECTS
OBJECTIVES:
THE SULTAN RESENTED SIAMESE RULE,ESPESIALLY IN THE MATTER OF FOREIGN RELATIONSHIP.
THE NORTHERN STATE WERE POOR AND WERE GETTING POORER.
EVEN A FINANCIAL ADVISOR(BRITISH) IN KEDAH DID NOT IMPROVE THE SITUATION.
SIAM BEGAN TO SEE CONTROLLING THE STATE GAVE SIAM NO BENEFITS.
SIAM DECIDED TO HAND OVER CONTROL TO THE BRITISH AND CONCENTRATE ON THIER OWN DEVELOPMENT.
SIAM PROPOSED THAT THE BRITAIN GAVE UP HER RIGHTS UNDER THE SECRET CONVENTION IN EXCHANCE FOR CONTROL OVER THE NORTHERN STATES AND BRITAIN WAS HAPPY ACCEPT.
THE ANGLO-SIAMESE TREATY (THE BANGKOK TREATY) WAS SIGNED ON 9 JULY 1909.
WHY IT WAS SIGN
TERMS:
EFFECT:
SIAMESE CONTROL AND INFLUENCE OVER MALAYA CEASED COMPLETELY.
A NEW POLITICAL UNIT CALLED THE 'UNFEDERATED MALAY STATE' WAS DECLARED.
ADVISORS WERE NOMINATED.
THE WHOLE MALAYA,WITH THE EXCEPTION OF JOHORE,CAME UNDER TE BRITISH.
BRITAIN TOOK FULL CONTROL OF MALAYA WHEN JOHORE ACCEPTED A RESIDENT IN 1914.
SIAM TRANSFERRED CONTOL OF THE FOUR NORTHERN MALAY STATES OF KEDAH, KELANTAN,TRENGGANU,PERLIS TO BRITAIN.
BRITAIN TOOK RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE DEBTS OF FOUR STATE.
BRITAIN ALSO AGREED TO GIVE 4 MILLION POUND LOAN AT 4% INTEREST TO SIAM TO BUILD A RAILWAY FROM BANGKOK TO THE MALAYAN BORDER.
BRITAIN AGREED TO GIVE UP ITS EXTRATERRITORIAL RIGHTS IN SIAM.
THE NEW BOUNDARY BETWEEN SIAMESE AND BRITISH TERRITORY WAS DEFINED.
THE SECRET CONVENTION WAS DECLARED NULL.

THE BANGKOK TREATY OF 1909 by zee onetwothree on Prezi
https://prezi.com/winfv33hwtch/the-bangkok-treaty-of-1909/

Patanikini

Anglo-Bangkok treaty 1909. Root cause of the problems

                 This treaty which was formulated and signed in 1902 was ratified and implemented in 1909 .The treaty has illegally robbed and disrespectfully humiliated the sovereignty of malay states encompassing Kelantan,Kedah,Patani,Trengganu and Perak.This treaty was a blatant slapped right in the face of malay rulers then. It was clear hegemony and heavy handed policy and the highest degree of conspiracy of anti islam’s west, especially of super power United Kingdom upon  sovereign  states of malay kingdom. This act of illegal signing of the treaty was the root caused of Patani problems and brought anguish and permanent scar to our peoples. This illegal treaty  ought to be abrogated immediately. Any future negotiation bound to fail without revoking this treaty first.               
             The patani case is not the case of dissatisfied minority malays pleading for right of self determination or socio-economic grievances. It is far more implication than that. It is the case of defending the motherland from victorious invaders. The war is still not over yet.We are fighting for our freedom. 
              Immediately after the treaty were ratified the Siamese invaders never stopped plundering and massacring the malays and indulgingly enforcing a heavy handed tactics of genocidal.               
           Patani was malay heartland and soul of muslim in the Malay peninsula. It was the centre of muslim propagation and education activities in peninsula. Before being ravaged it was a beautiful and lovely country.It was known as the corridor of Mecca.               
            During the Japanese occupation in Malaya, Siam which collaborated with the Japs, should have been punished. But immediately after the occupation ended the Chinese in Malaya started to revolt under the cover of Malayan Communist Party. Resulted in British declaring emergency rule in Malaya. The communist were pushed to Patani area. British fearing the Siamese might supported MCP, collaborated with them to suppress Patani independence fighters in Kelantan. Several leaders were given detention orders. They were resticted to district of Pasir Puteh and one in Perak.This was done under the urging of Siamese government. Gempar was banned and Tengku Mahmood Muhyiddin was poison.Haji Sulong was martyred.                 
            The British were  fearing the emergence of communist influence in south east asia.If not handle carefully the Siamese might incline towards communistblock.Hence the strategy was to win the heart of Siamese by all means. Patani again was left out. And this policy continue till after  independent. Malaya were inherited by colonial protégé. The policy of neglecting the plight of Patani malays never stopped.               
            The zionist-western masterplan originated long time ago. They have been suppressing muslim countries either by colonizing them or through neo-colonisation. They were very successful in using the local stooges to perpetuate their agendas in most of Islamic countries. They were successful in Turkey through attaturk, Arabia through wahabis, Pakistan through Jinnah and many other successes. Recently they have manipulated almost every event in Pakistan ,and control every leaders involved in the crisis. The reason is obvious.Pakistan is an islamic nuclear power. Through bhutto’s own admission they always consult their bosses in the west of whatever next step they are taking!! So the game here is who ever could promise better allegiance to them will be favoured and defended.                 
            They must have make mistake in killing Bhutto? No,no. It was not. It was the most crafty and deliberate plan to destabilize Pakistan, otherwise, who ever won will beg  for their help to maintain law and orders. For Patani, we have been neglected and  made sacrifial lamb not only by big imperialist power, but also by our own malays and muslim brothers. No muslim countries ever want to seriously taking up Patani plight very seriously.There are some minimal humanitarian aids given. But worst still are our malay brethren in the archipelago.We are a very big and influential race. With the population of almost 300 million put together there are many thing we could have done together. But alas! Regional peace has taken priority than solving the blood  brethren problem.Unlike the arabs where they regards the Palestine issue as an arabs problems.              
            Who says this region will maintain stability if internal sensitive problem is not tackled. Remember, Patani was a sovereign state just hundred years ago! What the Siamese had done to us and their neighbours just kept quite; is like as if we are not human being and no right to exist!!! Look at what they did in Krisek mosque and at Takbaidemonstration.More than 1000 muslim malays of Patani were missing at these incident.just like that!! If those were not massacre, what was it? Who cares?             After we retaliated and started fighting back many parties had pressured us to stop fighting and accept the negotiation and capitulate. We have learned many lesson since the day we lost the wars. When they(the thais) were weak it’s either they pretended wanting to negotiate or sought assistance from big powers! Don’t blame us for  the belligerency. This is the war of our survival.This time around there will be no stopping or slowing down until death determine our fate. This is our jihad .This jihad is a war to defend the very survival of the malays which is facing extinction in their own land. Be it in Indonesia or Malaysia. No body want to listen to us.           
           In fact we were not only left in limbo when the Thais exterminated us. Worst still most of the incidences in Malaysia were carried out with the help of Malaysian police !!!.Many of our activist were arrested by Malaysian and Thai Police right in front of neighbourhood and were handed over to Thai police.They were killed immediately after crossing the borders. But some others were even finished before reaching the border, right on the Malaysian soil!!!.We have the list of names of our brothers which had being executed upon the orders of kangaroo’s court. We even have the names of those police involved in theseoperations.Until now some special branch officers never stop  harassing and intimidating the patani activist.We were even threatened with ISA. Some already incarcerated.         
            No body seem to be proud of being called Malay. They prefer to be called Indonesian or Malaysian. Unlike the Malays in last century. They really care about Patani. Figures like Tun Sardon Jubir,Dr burhanuddin,Ahmad Bustamam,Abu Bakar Baqir and many others were among leaders which has shown concern and sensitivity on Patani. They were true-blue blood brothers who incessantly came to the called of SOS by Patani brothers. They even offer to fight together with patani brothers during the dusun nyior uprising.         
             But now even with so many distinguish figures in the higher authority in Malaysia whom their forefathers from patani, dares not admitting it!!.          
            Patani revolution is not what some people perceived as islamic terrorism as what al qaeda has been accused of. We are not terrorist neither notorious bandits like  the thaisoldiers.Their trigger happy armies has been authorised by superiors to shoot as they deem necessary. We are freedom fighters whom some may regards as revamped version of an old sort of malay nationalist struggle base upon resentment of thai imperialist. It’s true but with jihad rhetorics whom indulge in seeking syahid for glory after death. We would be happy if we survived.That will enable us to taste the sweetness of freed nation.Otherwise we would be dreaming of achieving the highest degree of surving allah by jihad. These are the secrets of our strength.Right now the patani problem is still parochial and localized. But only times will show that in very near future it may aggravate to become global and regional issues. Period.  

Anglo-Bangkok treaty 1909. Root cause of the problems | Patanikini
https://patanikini.wordpress.com/2008/01/17/anglo-bangkok-treaty-1909-root-cause-of-the-problems/

Cicit Raja Patani says:
February 6, 2008 at 2:35 am
Fight on brothers.
Nobody, no nation, no empire on earth can deny your right to your own land.
The righteous and innocent shall prevail. The evil colonizers shall perish.
sebol says:
February 13, 2008 at 6:03 pm
Saya baru sahaja selesai menulis tentang krisis ini di blog saya
http://sebolku.blogspot.com/2008/02/wilayah-autonomi-melayu-islam-siam.html
Ludbafital says:
February 20, 2008 at 3:35 am
If you resort to war don’t wait for the moment when finally you only have charcoal to defend.
Simpati says:
April 9, 2008 at 6:20 am
Sedih tengok akhlak dan perilaku jenerasi muda patani. Mereka lebih selesa bercakap bahasa thai dan berpakaian macam siam kapir. Ramai yang tidak tahu atau lupa sejarah bangsa mereka sendiri.
melayu tua says:
February 16, 2009 at 3:38 pm
jangan mati mati org islam utk sultan!!!! bodoh !!!!!!!
zaheer says:
March 18, 2009 at 4:14 pm
Perhatian semua! bangsa SIAM dan bangsa Thai adalah tidak sama. Mereka berlainan bahasa dan agama. Bangsa Siam beragama Islam sedangkan bangsa Thai beragama buddha. Ini bukti dr waris Raja Maha Besar Siam Islam yg tlh lama diketepikan. Sila baca dakwaan mereka disini http://www.sejarahnagarakedah.blogspot.com
Obama says:
July 24, 2009 at 3:44 am
Wahai orang Patani, u all must understand kerajaan Thailand bukannya bodoh. Mereka mempunyai pelbagai strategi untuk menghapuskan dan melemah pemintaan anda untuk kemerdekaan. Justeru itu u all punya peminpin yang melaungkan untuk kemerdekaan perlu licik dan bijak. I think Patani people need involve Britain if u all really want independent from Thailand. Like Plastine people they also need to know Israel gov. also not a stupid. Thailand and Israel have make cooperation then they have strategy to abolish and destroy Muslim demanded. If muslim fight we will lose because we don’t have enough resource for the fight. Eventhough if Allah SWT want help Patani people the success u all will be Success and freedom.
Nawawi says:
August 3, 2010 at 3:06 am
Musuh Islam telah berjaya menanam ketakutan ke dalam hati orang-orang Islam yang lemah keyakinannya terhadap kekuasaan, kekuatan, keperkasaan dan kehabatan Allah. Tiada lagi ruh jihad dalam hati mereka. Mereka berpuas hati sekadar menjadi Pak Turut Barat…boneka Amerika dan Zionis…
Sepertimana orang-orang Arab yang terpukau dengan hagemoni Amerika dan Eropah (sprt:Husni Mubarak, Mahmud Abbas, King Husin Jordan dll)tidak merasa simpati dengan nasib bangsa Pelastin begitulah majoriti Melayu yang sewaktu dengan mereka tidak ambil pusing tentang Patani.
Punca masalah bukannya Melayu, Patani atau Arab tapi umat yang telah meleraikan hubungan diri mereka serta kehidupan mereka dari ikatan Islam…kerana hati mereka telah pitus hubungan dengan Allah sebagai Ilah dan Rabb…
Kita perlu kembali membina kekuatan baru berasaskan aqidah Islam yang sejahtera dan ibadah yang betul berteraskan kefahaman tepat terhadap ajaran Islam….
serai wangi says:
August 13, 2010 at 3:59 am
Wahai Anak Patani, kita wajib kembali kepada Allah SWT. Kuatkan saf kita, luruskan saf, panjatkan doa dan yakin lah dengan janji Allah SWT kerana kerana hidup kita, mati kita adalah kerana Allah semata2.
Jangan kita jadikan orang2 kafir, musyrik, munafik sebagai pengantara di dalam apa-apa perdamaian kerana mereka pasti tidak akan menyebelahi kita kerana kita islam.
Ingatlah wahai Anak Patani, bumi ini adalah syurga bagi yang ingkar kepada Allah SWT tetapi neraka bagi yang membesarkan Allah, bagi yang memelihara agama Allah….dunia fana ini bukan segala-galanya.
Apa matlamat perjuangan kita…kerana jike kita mati berjuang BUKAN kerana Allah, bukan kerana mentauhid Allah, bukan kerana jalan atau hukum Allah…bukan kerana memperjuangkan yang hak…takut mati kita hanya sia-sia, sebagaimana matinya soldadu2 thai ditangan para mujahidin Patani..Allahu Akhbar..Allahu Akhbar..! wassallam…!


Posted by at
Labels:

Tiada ulasan:

Catat Ulasan

Langgan: Catat Ulasan (Atom)